國三(上)文法 22-14
** 複習:名詞子句(noun
clause=n.cl.),既為從屬子句(從屬句),句首必有連接詞引導,有下列三種:
1.以that開頭的n.cl. 2.以疑問詞(wh-)開頭的n.cl. 3.以whether/if(表示是否)開頭的n.cl.
以whether/if引導的名詞子句(n.cl.),都有是否的意思,但if不能和or not連用,
而or not與whether連用時,可置於whether的後面或句尾; or
not也通常省略
*** 下列幾種情形,不能用if代替whether
1.whether引導的名詞子句,做S./O.,且置於句首時,不能用if代替.
2.whether引導的名詞子句,做主詞補語(S.C.)時,不能用if代替.
3.whether引導的名詞子句,做介系詞的受詞時,不能用if代替.
*** 名詞子句(4-4) ***
由引導的名詞子句(n.cl.),若S./O.與主要子句(主句)重覆時,也可以簡化為
whether toV.的不定詞片語(不定片),或稱為名詞片語(n.phr.),但不能用if代替whether.
例1.我們還沒決定要留下或走人. We have not decided<Vt.>
whether we should stay(or not/leave). è whether to stay(or not/leave).
例2.哈利猶豫要不要約會莎莉. Harry is hesitating<Vt.>
whether he can date Sally(or not). è whether to date Sally(or not).
** if做如果解釋時,引導的子句是用來表示條件,故稱為條件子句,屬於副詞性質,
又稱為副詞子句;而條件子句中,動詞以現在簡單式代替未來簡單式.
例1.如果克拉克待會而進來[條件句],告訴他我在等他回叩[n.cl.]. [If<如果>Clark<S.=單三>
will..come(x)/comes(0)in later],tell him[(that)I’m waiting for his call.]
例2.如果丹尼爾這次數學及格[條件句],我們會給他掌聲鼓勵[主要子句].
[If<如果>Daniel<S.=單三>will..pass(x)/passes(0)the math test this time]
,we will..give(0)/give(x)him a big hand.
例3. 如果下週末天氣變壞[條件句],瑪莉就不去露營了. Mary won’t..go(0)/doesn’t..go(x)
camping[if<假如>the weather<單三>will..get(x)/gets(0)worse
next weekend.]
比較:1.你猜李小姐會和她的網友分手嗎[n.cl.=O.]? (會不會和她的網友分手? ) Do you guess<Vt.>
[whether/if<是否>Miss Li<S.=單三>will..break(0)/breaks(x)up with her Net pal]?
2.李小姐是否(會不會)和她男友分手[n.cl.=S.],決定在第三者.
[Whether(0)/If(x)Miss Li will..break(x)/breaks(0)up with her boyfriend]
<n.cl.=S.>depends<Vi.>on the third person.
*名詞子句(表是否)在句首時,不能用if代替whether;句中的動詞用現簡式代替未簡式,
此用法與條件子句類似.
****
too與enough的用法
too+ 形/副(for sb.)+toV.= not+
形/副enough(for sb.)+toV.,表示太…,而 不能…
例1.山姆太胖了而無法跳高. Sam is too..heavy<形>to do the high jump.
èSam is not..thin<形>..enough<副>[to do the high jump]<不定片=副修飾enough>
èSam<S.>is<V.>so..heavy<形>..that<連>he<S´.>can’t do<V´.>the high jump.
例2.湯姆太睏了而張不開眼. Tom was too..sleepy<形>[to open his eyes].<不定片=副>
èTom<S.>was<V.>so..sleepy<形>..that<連>he<S´.>couldn’t open<V´.>his eyes.
例3.你還太小,不能抽煙喝酒.You are too..young<形>[to smoke or drink].<不定片=副>
è You are not..old<形>..enough<副>[to smoke or drink].<不定片=副修飾enough>
è You<S.>are<V.>so..young<形>..that<連>you<S´.>can’t smoke<V´.>or drink <V´.>
èThe rock<S.>is<V.>so..big<形>..[that<連>I<S´.>can’t move<V´.>it].<副子句修飾so>
èThe river<S.>is<V.>so..dangerous..[that<連>people<S´.>can’t cross<V´.>it].<副子句修飾so>
例6.我太窮了,買不起iPhone.I am too..poor<形>[to buy an iPhone].<不定片=副修飾too>
èI<S.>am<V.>so..poor..[that<連>I<S´.>can’t buy<V´.>an iPhone].<不定片=副修飾so>
例7.那老外講話太快,我聽不懂.That foreigner spoke
too..fast<副>for me to catch her.
èThat foreigner spoke
so..fast..[that<連>I<S´.>can’t catch<V´.>her].<副子句修飾so>
比較: 1.闖紅燈太危險了.To ..run<toV.=N.=S.=真主詞>/
Running<動名=N.=真主詞>through a
red light is too dangerous.
èIt<虛主詞>is too dangerous
to..run<toV.=N.=真主詞>/ runnimg<動名=N.=真主詞>through a red light.
2.這麼冷的天氣要早起真的很難. To ..get<toV.=N.=S.=真主詞>/
Gettimg<動名=N.=真主詞>up
early in this cold weather
is too
hard. èIt<虛主詞>is too hard
to ..get<toV.=N.=S.=真主詞>/gettimg<動名=N.=真主詞>up early in this cold weather.
*****
so/such表示”如此…以致於…”的用法
so(副)+ 形/副+ [that+S.+V.]<副詞子句修飾so>
so(副)+ 形+ a/an+ 單名+ [that+S.+V.]<副詞子句修飾so>
such(形)+ a/an+ 形+ 單名+ [that+S.+V.]<副詞子句修飾such>
such(形)+ 形+ pl./ 不可數N.+ [that+S.+V.]<副詞子句修飾such>
例1.海水如此清澈,以至於我們可以看見各式各樣的魚兒.
The sea water was so..<副>..clear..<形>..that we could see all kinds of fish.
例2.那飛碟移動得真快,以至於看不清楚.That UFO moved too fast to see clearly.
èThat UFO moved so..<副>..fast..<副>..that people couldn’t see it clearly.
例3.凱茜(單名)是很好的科學家,我們都想認識她. Cathy<S.>is<V.>so<副>..nice<形>..a /
such<形>..a..nice<形>scientist that<連>we<S´.>all like<V´.>to know her.
例4.他們(pl.)是惡劣的傢伙,我們不喜歡他們.They
are so(x)/such(0)mean guys that we
dislike them. 例5.天氣(不可數N.)太棒了,很多人去台北國際花博. It
was so(x)/such(0) great weather
that many
people went
to Taipei
Int’l Flora Expo.
(Exposition)
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